PHARMACOGENOMICS IN PERSONALISED MEDICINE: CURRENT ADVANCES AND CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
Abstract
Pharmacogenomics links genetic variation with variability in drug response and has become an essential component of personalised medicine aimed at improving therapeutic efficacy and reducing adverse drug reactions across clinical practice. Rapid advances in genomic technologies have generated extensive pharmacogenomic data; however, integration of this knowledge into routine medical decision-making remains uneven and fragmented across healthcare systems. This review aims to synthesise recent advances and clinical applications of pharmacogenomics across major therapeutic areas while highlighting barriers that influence its clinical implementation. Evidence indicates that pharmacogenomic markers significantly influence drug response in oncology, cardiovascular diseases, psychiatry, neurology, infectious diseases, pain management, and gastrointestinal disorders. Gene–drug associations involving CYP450 enzymes, HLA alleles, SLCO1B1, TPMT, and NUDT15 have improved prediction of treatment efficacy and risk of drug toxicity. Findings also indicate that pharmacogenomic testing supports individualised dosing strategies, targeted therapy selection, and
improved patient safety in multiple clinical contexts. Clinical translation remains limited by economic barriers, insufficient clinician awareness, population diversity gaps, and challenges in interpreting complex genomic data. Continued expansion of genomic research, integration of pharmacogenomic data into clinical decision systems, and development of standardised guidelines may strengthen clinical adoption. Pharmacogenomics represents a critical pathway toward safer, more effective, and individualised pharmacotherapy in modern healthcare systems.
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